KPV is a tripeptide with potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. It is derived from the naturally occurring alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and is known for its ability to reduce inflammation and promote healing, particularly in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and wound healing. KPV works by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing oxidative stress, making it effective in treating chronic inflammatory conditions. Its broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory effects and potential in promoting tissue repair make KPV a promising therapeutic agent in both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) is a neuropeptide known for its vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties. It works by binding to specific receptors on cells, leading to the relaxation of smooth muscles, dilation of blood vessels, and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. VIP is used in the treatment of conditions such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and autoimmune disorders. Its broad range of biological activities, including its ability to modulate immune responses and improve vascular function, makes VIP a versatile therapeutic agent in both inflammatory and vascular diseases.