NAD+ is a coenzyme involved in cellular repair and energy metabolism, helping to enhance skin cell turnover, reduce oxidative stress, and improve mitochondrial function. It is used in dermatology for anti-aging treatments and skin rejuvenation, supporting collagen production and overall skin health

Hydrocortisone is a low-potency corticosteroid that works by inhibiting phospholipase A2, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. It provides relief from itching, redness, and irritation in conditions like eczema, dermatitis, and minor skin rashes, making it a common ingredient in over-the-counter anti-itch creams.

Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent that works by inhibiting tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin synthesis, reducing the production of skin pigment. It is widely used to treat hyperpigmentation, melasma, and dark spots, helping to even out skin tone and lighten discoloration over time.

Kojic acid is a skin-brightening agent that inhibits tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for melanin production, thereby reducing pigmentation. It is commonly used in treatments for melasma, hyperpigmentation, and sun damage, helping to even out skin tone and lighten dark spots.

Tretinoin is a retinoid (vitamin A derivative) that works by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in skin cells, promoting faster cell turnover and collagen production. It effectively prevents clogged pores, reduces fine lines, and improves hyperpigmentation by encouraging the shedding of dead skin cells and stimulating the growth of new, healthier skin. This mechanism makes it one of the most effective treatments for acne, photoaging, and melasma, as it not only treats existing concerns but also prevents new breakouts and wrinkles from forming.